{"id":722,"date":"2022-04-12T19:53:38","date_gmt":"2022-04-12T17:53:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hnords.de\/wordpress\/?page_id=722"},"modified":"2022-04-12T23:17:46","modified_gmt":"2022-04-12T21:17:46","slug":"strigillaria-group","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hnords.de\/wordpress\/strigillaria-group\/","title":{"rendered":"Strigillaria group"},"content":{"rendered":"

Strigillaria <\/em><\/strong>group \u2013 genus and species taxa <\/strong><\/p>\n

Hartmut Nordsieck (IV.2022)<\/p>\n

I. Introduction<\/p>\n

The Strigillaria<\/em> group, formerly named Bulgarica<\/em>, is one of the most diverse groups of the Baleini, Clausiliinae. In a former revision (Nordsieck 1973) the genus Bulgarica<\/em> was subdivided into four subgenera, B.<\/em> (Strigilecula<\/em>), B.<\/em> (Pavlovicia<\/em>), B.<\/em> (Bulgarica<\/em>) and B.<\/em> (Denticularia<\/em>). B.<\/em> (Pavlovicia<\/em>), however, has revealed to be more closely related to Vestia<\/em>. Based on genital morphology and DNA analysis Strigillaria<\/em> and Bulgarica<\/em> (with Denticularia<\/em>) are now regarded as genera of their own (see art. on DNA studies).
\nThe genera include species with distributional ranges of very different extension.
\nStrigillaria<\/em> contains two species, S<\/em>. cana<\/em> and S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em>, which are widespread in eastern or southeastern Europe, respectively. Two further species with small ranges occur in Serbia.
\nBulgarica<\/em> contains several species of different rank, which nearly all are distributed in the eastern part of southeastern Europe from Romania to the Aegean Islands and coastal Anatolia. Two species, B<\/em>. varnensis<\/em> and B<\/em>. thessalonica<\/em>, are widespread; both are the major species of species groups, including closely related species with smaller ranges. Two pairs of closely related species of B<\/em>. (Bulgarica<\/em>), B<\/em>. rugicollis <\/em>\u2013 B<\/em>. pagana<\/em> and B<\/em>. bulgariensis<\/em> \u2013 B<\/em>. osmanica<\/em>, are especially interesting, because on the one hand they occur syntopically without transitions and on the other are connected by intermediate forms.
\nSeveral species of Bulgarica <\/em>have already been revised in more or less detail, together with the description of some new taxa (Nordsieck 1973, supplement 1974).
\nSince then, \u00a0some new subspecies or species have been described (Irikov 2006, Nordsieck 2015). Most recently, I presented partial revisions of some species of both genera, together with the description of new subspecies (Nordsieck 2019).<\/p>\n

II. Characters<\/p>\n

The characters used for diagnoses of species taxa within the Strigillaria <\/em>group are listed as follows (with character states; apertural characters see Fig. 1):
\nSculpture: whorls ribbed (with different rib densities) or lower whorls only rib-striated (more or less smooth). If ribbing is dense, groups of white more distinct ribs alternate with non-white less distinct ribs = whorls streaked.
\nCervix: cervical elevation prominent (= dorsal keel) or weak; cervical bulge before peristome present or absent.
\nPeristome: outer peristome without or with folds. Folds inwards from outer peristome are named anteperistome folds. In some species also inner peristome (interlamellar, subinterlamellar) with folds.
\nInferior lamella: ending in front with two peristome folds = folds of inferior lamella or not.
\nSubcolumellar lamella: elongated along basal furrow or not. The elongation is caused by connection with a peristome fold.
\nAnterior lower palatal plica = basalis: present or absent; if present, connected with or separated from lunella.
\nAnterior upper palatal plica: present or absent; if present, connected with or separated from upper palatal plica.
\nClausilium plate:outer (palatal) edge distally more or less raised, forming a terminal outer lobe or not.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Fig. 1. Characters of CA, example Bulgarica t<\/em>. thessalonica<\/em>, GR, Euboea, Moni Agia Anna, holotype of var. euboica<\/em>, SMF 132732.
\nBody whorl dorsal, frontal and oblique view into aperture, to show lamellae and clausilium plate. Shell height 15.7 mm.
\nAbbreviations: aupp = anterior upper palatal plica, bas = anterior lower palatal plica = basalis, cp = clausilium plate, il = inferior lamella, lu = lunella, pr = principal plica, sc = subcolumellar lamella, sl = superior lamella, sp = spiral lamella, upp = (posterior) upper palatal plica.
\nPeristome folds comprise I = interlamellar folds, II = folds of inferior lamella, III = subinterlamellar and basal folds, one elongating subcolumellar lamella, IV = folds of outer peristome.<\/h4>\n

III. Diagnoses of species taxa<\/p>\n

The given values of rib density (R1<\/sub>) are means of samples (numbers = n).<\/p>\n

Strigillaria <\/em>Vest 1867
\n(Striolaria<\/em> Bielz 1867 [nomen oblitum], Strigilecula<\/em> Kennard & Woodward 1923)<\/p>\n

Remarks: Two species belonging to, S<\/em>. cana<\/em> and S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em>, are widespread European clausiliid species, the intraspecific diversity of\u00a0 which had not been thoroughly examined until now. Most recently, a partial revision of S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em> has been published (Nordsieck 2019).
\nIn contrast to S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em>, S<\/em>. cana<\/em> has revealed as relatively uniform. This may be caused by the different habitat preferences of both species. S<\/em>. cana<\/em> is tree-dwelling (living only in higher altitudes also under stones), inhabiting a large distributional range with similar populations. S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em> exhibits a broader ecological spectrum living on rocks and trees. Beside the major subspecies there are numerous intraspecific forms; the most different ones, which may have originated on isolated rock localities, are separated as (minor) subspecies.<\/p>\n

S<\/em>. cana<\/em> (Held 1836)<\/p>\n

Folds of inferior lamella mostly absent; basalis connected with lunella; anterior upper palatal plica absent (indistinct in S<\/em>. c<\/em>. transylvanica<\/em>); clausilium plate without terminal lobe.
\nCentral and eastern Europe from N. Switzerland and W. Germany (highlands, coast of Baltic Sea) to S. Sweden, S. Finland, N. W., central and S. Russia (to Kazan) and N. Ukraine, N. Alps of Austria, Hungary, Carpathian countries to S. W. Romania (southwest to Jiu valley).
\nc<\/em>. cana<\/em>, c<\/em>. farta<\/em> (Bielz 1858), c<\/em>. iostoma <\/em>(Bielz 1856), c<\/em>. transylvanica<\/em> ( Schmidt 1853).
\nRemarks: An examination of 23 samples of S<\/em>. cana <\/em>from the whole distributional range had the following result:
\nThe ribbing of the major subspecies, which occupies nearly the whole range, is remarkably constant (R1 <\/sub>4.3-5.3); only in the Carpathians of Romania it is more dense (form praepinguis<\/em> Charpentier 1852, R1 <\/sub>5.2-5.7). \u00a0A remarkable form from Pr\u0103p\u0103stii, Piatra Craiului Mountains, is more coarsely ribbed (only few specimens available, R1 <\/sub><4).
\nIn the southern Carpathians some intraspecific forms occur (Bielz 1867: 162), which differ only slightly from the major subspecies: S<\/em>. c<\/em>. transylvanica<\/em> (= farta<\/em> var. major<\/em>, A. Schmidt 1868: 135) in the lower part of Piatra Craiului Mountains, S<\/em>. c<\/em>. farta<\/em> ( = farta<\/em> var. minor<\/em>) in the higher parts of Bucegi and Piatra Craiului Mountains, and S<\/em>. c<\/em>. iostoma<\/em> in the F\u0103g\u0103ra\u015f Mountains. All three subspecies are more densely ribbed (R1<\/sub> 6.4-10.7) than the Carpathian form of the major subspecies. Besides, S<\/em>. c<\/em>. transylvanica<\/em> has weakly ribbed lower whorls and (unique in S<\/em>. cana<\/em>) an indistinct anterior upper palatal plica. S<\/em>. c<\/em>. farta<\/em> has a smaller shell with adnate peristome and reduced basalis. It is restricted here to the form from the high Bucegi Mountains, because the similar form from the high Piatra Craiului Mountains has characters in common with S<\/em>. c<\/em>. transylvanica<\/em> (in part anterior upper palatal plica present) and is therefore classified with that subspecies.<\/p>\n

S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em> (Rossm\u00e4ssler 1836)<\/p>\n

Folds of inferior lamella in part present; basalis separated from lunella; anterior upper palatal plica in part present; clausilium plate in part with terminal lobe.
\nCentral Europe (Franconia, Thuringia, Saxony, Bohemia), S. E. Alps (from S. E. Carinthia and adjacent Styria) and Dinaric countries to N. Albania and North Macedonia, Hungary, W. and S. W. Romania, Serbia, W. Bulgaria.
\nv<\/em>. conjuncta<\/em> (K\u00fcster 1860), v<\/em>. kajabaschica<\/em> (Brancsik 1888), v<\/em>. nitidosa<\/em> (Uli\u010dn\u00fd 1893), v<\/em>. bielzii<\/em> H. Nordsieck 2019, v<\/em>. pancici <\/em>(L. Pfeiffer 1856), v<\/em>. vetusta<\/em>.
\nRemarks: Clausilia vetusta<\/em> var. minor<\/em> Rossm\u00e4ssler 1842 [non Rossm\u00e4ssler 1835] from Banat and Tharand (Saxony) is identical with C<\/em>. v<\/em>. var. \u00df syn. striolata<\/em> Charpentier 1852 [non M. Gallenstein 1848, made available by L. Pfeiffer 1866].The subdivision of A. Schmidt (1868: 136-137), C<\/em>. vetusta<\/em> with type form and a variety striolata<\/em>, was followed by many authors until recently (see Ehrmann 1933, Lo\u017eek 1964); besides, Ehrmann (: 76) separated the form from Germany as subsp.v<\/em>. festiva<\/em> (K\u00fcster 1856). The fact, however, that according to Schmidt (: 136) both, type form and variety, occur in Carinthia in close neighbourhood, did not speak for subspecific rank of var. striolata<\/em> sensu Schmidt. Also the fact that within var. minor <\/em>samples from Tharand (festiva<\/em>) and Banat (striolata<\/em>) were united, showed that there were no considerable differences between these forms. Therefore, in Nordsieck (2007:63) neither striolata<\/em> nor festiva<\/em> were listed as subspecies of S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em>.
\nAn examination of 62 samples of S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em> from the whole distributional range had the following result:
\nThe intraspecific forms of the species differ mainly in four characters:
\nshell size,
\nsculpture (ribbing of lower whorls),
\ndevelopment of anterior upper palatal plica, and
\nformation of clausilium plate.
\nUntil now, it was not known that a part of the S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em> populations exhibit an anterior upper palatal plica, which runs from the palatal callus (hump) to the upper palatal plica. In one and the same population it is present or absent, if present, complete or incomplete ending between the hump and the plica, and distinct or indistinct. The frequencies of its presence, however, are different among the populations.The clausilium plate is narrowed and thickened at the tip, with the outer edge more or less raised forming a terminal lobe or not.
\nThe main stock of the species consists of populations which differ only slightly in these characters. The ribbing of the samples from central Europe, southeastern Alps and northern Dinaric countries (from Carinthia and adjacent Styria to Croatia) is coarser (R1<\/sub> 4.8-6.4), that from central and southern Dinaric countries (from Bosnia southwards, with Banat and W. Bulgaria) more dense (R1<\/sub> 5.7-8.6). The anterior upper palatal plica is more often present in the samples from western and northern parts of Serbia and adjacent Wallachia,. The clausilium plate of most samples from central and southern Dinaric countries has an on average more pronounced terminal lobe. Provisionally, that main stock is regarded as the nominotypical subspecies. It also includes forms from southern Dinaric countries, which differ somewhat in size and sculpture, Clausilia<\/em> v<\/em>. var. striolata<\/em> f. intermissa<\/em> and f. laticosta<\/em> Brancsik 1888, C<\/em>. v<\/em>. tenuicula<\/em> A. J. Wagner 1912, and C<\/em>. v<\/em>. nannodes<\/em> A. J. Wagner 1912 from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Laciniaria<\/em> v<\/em>. gracilior<\/em> S. H. Jaeckel 1954 from Kosovo.
\nWithin the range of that major subspecies different local forms occur, sometimes in close neighbourhood, e. g. in Banat. One form from there (striolata<\/em> sensu auct.,<\/em> Cerna valley) is more densely ribbed (R1<\/sub> 8.0), another form (Steierdorf), which was misidentified as S<\/em>. cana<\/em> by O. Boettger on labels, more coarsely (R1<\/sub> 5.9). The following forms with more obsolete ribbing (R1<\/sub> > 8.5) are treated as (minor) subspecies:\u00a0 S<\/em>. v<\/em>. nitidosa<\/em> in Bohemia (regarded as independent species by Lo\u017eek 1964), S<\/em>. v<\/em>. kajabaschica<\/em> near Travnik, Bosnia, and S<\/em>. v<\/em>. pancici<\/em> in Beljanica Mountains, Serbia. These rock-dwelling forms with small ranges may have originated from isolates of the major subspecies.
\nClausilia<\/em> conjuncta<\/em> \u00a0K\u00fcster 1860 from Majdanpek, Serbia, is a taxon of special interest. This is the form, which L. Pfeiffer (1856:180) received from Zelebor as C<\/em>. pagana<\/em> var. latecostata<\/em> from \u201eMedvenik\u201c, together with C<\/em>. varnensis<\/em> sensu Zelebor = C<\/em>. vetusta<\/em>. Its shell is more light-coloured and coarsely ribbed than that of the latter. A. Schmidt (1868: 137), who also got it from Zelebor together with C<\/em>. vetusta<\/em>, regarded it therefore as separate species. Pavlovi\u0107 (1912: 88) determined it as C<\/em>. pagana<\/em>; he gave (: 107) also C<\/em>. vetusta<\/em> from some localities near Majdanpek. I collected it in Majdanpek (N 4988, R1<\/sub> 4.6) together with a specimen of S<\/em>. v<\/em>. vetusta<\/em> (Nordsieck 2019). The question arises, if it is genetically isolated from S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em> and in fact a species of its own. The name conjuncta<\/em> has been used by all following authors (including Pavlovi\u0107: 107) for different other distinctly ribbed forms of S<\/em>. v<\/em>. vetusta<\/em>.
\nIn W. Transilvania S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em> exhibits a striking diversity. Bielz (1867: 164) subdivided the species from that region into three varieties, C<\/em>. vetusta<\/em> var. a = type form, var. b (with distinct ribbing, identified with conjuncta<\/em>), and var. c (with obsolete ribbing, identified with striolata<\/em>). The two latter, however, do not correspond to the forms described with these names. C<\/em>. conjuncta<\/em> is a special form from Serbia (see above). C<\/em>. v<\/em>. var. striolata<\/em> sensu Schmidt has a normal ribbing. According to my investigation (Nordsieck 2019), two forms of the region, one of them var. b of Bielz, have a coarse ribbing; they are clearly different from the form with dense or obsolete ribbing (var. c of Bielz), which has been described by me as S.<\/em> v<\/em>. bielzi<\/em>.<\/p>\n

S<\/em>. stolii<\/em> (L. Pfeiffer 1859)<\/p>\n

Small, aperture protruding; dorsal keel; inferior lamella without folds in front; subcolumellar lamella in part elongated along basal furrow; basalis and anterior upper palatal plica, if present, separated from lunella or upper palatal plica, respectively; terminal lobe of clausilium plate in part distinct.
\nE. Serbia (Stol, Rgotina).
\nRemarks: The formerly used name Clausilia stolensis<\/em> Moellendorff 1873 is an invalid emendation of C<\/em>. stolii<\/em> L. Pfeiffer 1859.
\nThe species is intermediate between S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em> and S<\/em>. serbica<\/em>. It differs from S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em> by the protruding aperture and stronger cervical elevation, characters in common with S<\/em>. serbica<\/em>, and subcolumellar lamella less tending to elongation.
\nWithin both examined samples of S<\/em>. stolii<\/em> I found few specimens which are transitional to S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em>, maybe hybrids.<\/p>\n

S<\/em>. serbica<\/em> (Moellendorff 1873)<\/p>\n

Aperture protruding; dorsal keel; inferior lamella more spirally ascending, mostly without folds in front; basalis mostly connected with lunella; anterior upper palatal plica separated from upper palatal plica; terminal lobe of clausilium plate \u00b1 distinct.
\nE. Serbia (Zlot, Rtanj, Aleksinac).
\ns<\/em>. banjana<\/em> (H. Nordsieck 1973), s<\/em>. serbica<\/em>.
\nRemarks: The replacement of Clausilia serbica<\/em> Moellendorff 1873 [non Moellendorff 1873] by Bulgarica moellendorffi<\/em> H. Nordsieck 1972 was nomenclaturally not correct (taxon with replaced name of higher rank than other one, see Welter-Schultes 2012).
\nBecause of its male copulatory organs (with long penial ligaments) S<\/em>. serbica<\/em> is clearly a Strigillaria<\/em> species. It is similar to S<\/em>. vetusta<\/em>, but free oviduct and bursa + pedunculus are shorter.
\nThe shell looks like that of some Bulgarica<\/em> species, but differs from them by the protruding aperture and more spirally ascending inferior lamella. The nominotypical subspecies exhibits a coarse ribbing (R1<\/sub> (n = 3) 4.4-5.1); in one and the same population, however, the sculpture can be very different (Nordsieck 1973: 198).<\/p>\n

Bulgarica<\/em> O. Boettger 1877<\/p>\n

B<\/em>. (Bulgarica<\/em>)
\n(Idylopsina<\/em> Lindholm 1924)<\/p>\n

B<\/em>. rugicollis<\/em> (Rossm\u00e4ssler 1836)
\nB<\/em>. pagana<\/em> (Rossm\u00e4ssler 1842)
\n(Figs. 2-4)<\/p>\n

Dorsal keel; inferior lamella with indistinct or without folds in front; basalis and anterior upper palatal plica distinct to absent, separated from lunella or upper palatal plica, respectively; terminal lobe of clausilium plate mostly weak.
\nW. Romania (from \u015eurean and V\u00e2lcan Mountains to Banat and Danube valley), adjacent northernmost Serbia.
\nB<\/em>. rugicollis<\/em>: r<\/em>. bella<\/em> (Rossm\u00e4ssler 1842), r<\/em>. carissima<\/em> (Rossm\u00e4ssler 1839), r<\/em>. grossui <\/em>H. Nordsieck 1973, r<\/em>. oleata<\/em> (Rossm\u00e4ssler 1842), r<\/em>. rugicollis<\/em>.
\nB<\/em>. pagana<\/em>.
\nRemarks: According to my examinations B<\/em>. rugicollis<\/em> and B<\/em>.\u00a0 pagana<\/em> differ in the male copulatory organs. B<\/em>. pagana<\/em> has a shorter parepiphallus and a longer penis which is proximally more slender. Because of their syntopies and the genital differences both are treated as different species (in contrast to Nordsieck 1973, 2007).
\nBoth species have nearly the same range.
\nClausilia hasta<\/em> K\u00fcster 1854 and C<\/em>. ochracea<\/em> K\u00fcster 1854 are probably synonyms of B<\/em>. r<\/em>. rugicollis<\/em>. C. banatica<\/em> L. Pfeiffer 1848 (made available by K\u00fcster 1853) is a large B<\/em>. r<\/em>. carissima<\/em>. C<\/em>. oleata<\/em>\u00a0 (= C<\/em>. splendens<\/em> Charpentier 1852) and C<\/em>. carissima<\/em> var. bella <\/em>are separated from B<\/em>. r<\/em>. carissima<\/em> as subspecies of its own (in contrast to Nordsieck 1973, see below). C<\/em>. obvoluta<\/em> K\u00fcster 1855 is an unknown taxon looking like B<\/em>. r<\/em>. bella<\/em>.
\nC<\/em>. pagana<\/em> mendax<\/em> A. Schmidt 1868 is a synonym of B.<\/em> pagana<\/em>.
\nB. r<\/em>. rugicollis<\/em> (shell densely ribbed: R1 <\/sub>(n = 7) 11.3-16.5) and B.<\/em> pagana<\/em> (shell coarsely ribbed: R1 <\/sub>(n = 7) 5.3-7.1) (Figs. 2-3) occur sympatrically, in some localities (e. g., B\u0103ile Herculane, Mehadia) in close neighbourhood or even syntopically without transitions (emphasized also by Grossu 1981: 233), but are connected by forms with intermediary rib densities, from the same region or another one (Fig. 4), e. g. B.<\/em> r<\/em>. grossui<\/em> (R1 <\/sub>(n = 6) 6.9-8.2) in an adjacent region of Wallachia and Transylvania.
\nTwo subspecies of B.<\/em> rugicollis<\/em> are characterized by their small yellowish-brown shell with nearly smooth lower whorls, B.<\/em> r<\/em>. carissima<\/em> and B.<\/em> r<\/em>. oleata<\/em>. As far as known, B.<\/em> r<\/em>. carissima<\/em>, which exhibits a prominent dorsal keel, is restricted to Mount Domogled near B\u0103ile Herculane. B .<\/em> r<\/em>. oleata<\/em> differs by its less prominent dorsal keel; it is known from\u00a0 the Cerna and Mehadica valleys. Both subspecies occur within the range of B.<\/em> r<\/em>. rugicollis<\/em>, as far as known, without transitions (except C<\/em>. banatica<\/em>, a form of B.<\/em> r<\/em>. carissima<\/em> which in shell size is transitional to B.<\/em> r<\/em>. rugicollis<\/em>).
\nAnother small subspecies of B<\/em>. rugicollis<\/em>, B.<\/em> r<\/em>. bella<\/em>, differs from both other small subspecies by its ribbed lower whorls. The type form of unknown locality lacks a distinct terminal lobe of clausilium plate, like the other small subspecies. At the southern boundary of the species range, in the Serbian part of the Danube valley (Veliki Djerdap), I collected a small B.<\/em> rugicollis<\/em> form similar to B.<\/em> r<\/em>. bella<\/em>. It differs from it, however, by the more pronounced terminal lobe of clausilium plate.
\nB. pagana<\/em> occurs also in northernmost Serbia (surroundings of Golubac).
\nBoth Serbian forms of B.<\/em> rugicollis<\/em> and B<\/em>. pagana<\/em> were unknown to Pavlovi\u0107 (1912). His C<\/em>. pagana<\/em>\u00a0 is S.<\/em> vetusta conjuncta<\/em> (see under S.<\/em> vetusta<\/em>); as\u00a0 C<\/em>. rugicollis<\/em> from Serbia he mentioned only S.<\/em> stolii<\/em>.<\/p>\n

B. bulgariensis<\/em> (L. Pfeiffer 1848)
\nB<\/em>. osmanica<\/em> (Westerlund 1884)
\n(Figs. 5-7)<\/p>\n

Like B.<\/em> rugicollis<\/em>, but basalis and anterior upper palatal plica in part connected with lunella or upper palatal plica, respectively; terminal lobe of clausilium plate \u00b1 distinct.
\nBulgaria (Love\u010d, region of Veliko T\u00e2rnovo, T\u00e2rgovi\u0161te), S. Bulgaria (Dobrostan).
\nB. bulgariensis: b<\/em>. bulgariensis<\/em>, b<\/em>. intricata<\/em> (Mousson 1859).
\nB. osmanica<\/em>: o<\/em>. osmanica<\/em> (Westerlund 1884), o<\/em>. pseudofraudigera<\/em> H. Nordsieck 1973.
\nRemarks: According to my examinations B.<\/em> bulgariensis<\/em> and B.<\/em> osmanica<\/em> differ in the male copulatory organs. B.<\/em> osmanica<\/em> has a shorter vagina, a more slender pseudoepiphallus and a longer and more slender penis. Both differ from the B.<\/em> rugicollis <\/em>– B.<\/em> pagana<\/em> species pair by a longer parepiphallus. Because of their syntopies and the genital differences both are treated as different species (in contrast to Nordsieck 1973, 2007).
\nB. osmanica<\/em> occurs only in the region of Veliko T\u00e2rnovo, while B.<\/em> bulgariensis<\/em> has a larger range (occurring also in W. and S. Bulgaria).
\nThe species formerly named B.<\/em> intricata<\/em> has to bear the oldest name B.<\/em> bulgariensis<\/em>, because this name was given by L. Pfeiffer as a synonym made available by A. Schmidt 1868. Clausilia bulgarica<\/em> K\u00fcster 1855 is a synonym of B.<\/em> b<\/em>. bulgariensis<\/em>.
\nThe larger C<\/em>. rugicollis<\/em> var. sensu Rossm\u00e4ssler 1842 belongs to B.<\/em> osmanica<\/em>.
\nB. b<\/em>. bulgariensis<\/em> (shell coarsely ribbed: R1 <\/sub>(n = 10) 5.0-9.9) and B.<\/em> o<\/em>. osmanica <\/em>(shell densely ribbed: R1 <\/sub>(n = 4) 12.2-21.0) (Figs. 5-6) occur sympatrically, in some localities (e. g., Samovodene near Veliko T\u00e2rnovo) even syntopically without transitions, while in the same region populations with intermediary rib densities (e. g., osmanica<\/em> from Manastir Sveti Nikola) have been found. Another subspecies with intermediary rib density (R1 <\/sub>9.0), B.<\/em> b<\/em>. intricata<\/em> (Fig. 7), occurs in Love\u010d, N. W. Bulgaria. It differs from the nominotypical subspecies by its longer vagina.
\nB. o<\/em>. pseudofraudigera<\/em> from Drjanovo near Veliko T\u00e2rnovo is intermediate between B.<\/em> o<\/em>. osmanica<\/em> and B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em>; it has possibly originated by interspecies hybridization. In contrast to Nordsieck (1973: 199) it is treated as subspecies of B.<\/em> osmanica<\/em>, because in Drjanovo also B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em> occurs. B.<\/em> o<\/em>. pseudofraudigera<\/em> replaces there B.<\/em> o<\/em>. osmanica<\/em> (but is less densely ribbed: R1<\/sub> 11.2) and occurs syntopically with B.<\/em> b<\/em>. bulgariensis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nFigs. 2-7. Bulgarica<\/em> species pairs.
\nFrontal and body whorl dorsal. Shell height = H (mm).
\n2-4. B.<\/em> rugicollis<\/em> \u2013 B.<\/em> pagana<\/em>.
\n2. B.<\/em> pagana<\/em>, RO, Banat, B\u0103ile Herculane (left bank of Cerna river), ex SMF 132815; H 14.35.
\n3. B.<\/em> r<\/em>. rugicollis<\/em>, RO, Banat, B\u0103ile Herculane (right bank of Cerna river), ex SMF 132742; H 17.8.
\n4. B.<\/em> r<\/em>. rugicollis<\/em> x B.<\/em> r<\/em>. grossui<\/em>, RO, S. W. Transylvania, Ponor Ohaba near Pui, ex SMF 320693; H 14.55.
\n5-7. B.<\/em> bulgariensis<\/em> \u2013 B.<\/em> osmanica<\/em>.
\n5. B<\/em>. b<\/em>. bulgariensis<\/em>, BG, N. E. Bulgaria, Samovodene near Veliko T\u00e2rnovo, ex SMF 312914; H 11.3.
\n6. B<\/em>. o<\/em>. osmanica<\/em>, BG, N. E. Bulgaria, Samovodene near Veliko T\u00e2rnovo, ex SMF 312915; H 14.4.
\n7. B.<\/em> b<\/em>. intricata<\/em>, BG, N. W. Bulgaria, Love\u010d 2 km towards Trojan, ex SMF 312907; H 14.55.<\/h4>\n

B. varnensis<\/em> (L. Pfeiffer 1848)<\/p>\n

Cervical elevation in part dorsal keel; outer peristome occasionally with indistinct folds; inferior lamella in part with folds in front; basalis connected with lunella; anterior upper palatal plica present to absent, connected with or separated from upper palatal plica; terminal lobe of clausilium plate distinct to absent, mostly weak.
\nBulgaria from Gode\u010d and Isk\u00e2r valley to Varna, Ruse, S. Bulgaria (Plovdiv), S. E. Romania (Wallachia near Bucure\u015fti, Dobrogea).
\nv<\/em>. gabrovnicana<\/em> Irikov 2006, v<\/em>. varnensis<\/em>.
\nRemarks: Clausilia socialis<\/em> L. Pfeiffer 1848 is a synonym of B.<\/em> v<\/em>. varnensis<\/em>. Laciniaria cana<\/em> var. razelmiensis <\/em>Grossu 1955, L<\/em>. fraudigera <\/em>var. montandoni<\/em> Grossu 1955 and L<\/em>. dobrogensis<\/em> Loosjes & Negrea 1968 are forms of B.<\/em> v<\/em>. varnensis<\/em> from Wallachia or Dobrogea, respectively. L<\/em>. invisa<\/em> Saj\u00f3 is a form of \u00a0B.<\/em> v<\/em>. varnensis<\/em> from \u0160ipka pass, Bulgaria.
\nB. v<\/em>. trimontsiana<\/em> Irikov 2006 (: 7-8) from Plovdiv is also a form of B.<\/em> v<\/em>. varnensis<\/em>; according to the author it differs by stronger and more strongly sculptured keels of body whorl and the lack of an anterior upper palatal plica, characters which are also found in other forms of the nominotypical subspecies.
\nIn contrast, B.<\/em> v<\/em>. gabrovnicana<\/em> from Gabrovnica valley near Kazanl\u00e2k is more different; it is more coarsely ribbed (R1<\/sub> 5.2), with more distinct terminal lobe of clausilium plate. It is connected with B.<\/em> v<\/em>. varnensis<\/em> by the form from \u0160ipka, which is more coarsely ribbed (R1<\/sub> 6.7) than the other forms of the nominotypical subspecies (R1 <\/sub>(n = 8) 7.9-10.4).<\/p>\n

B. hiltrudae<\/em> H. Nordsieck 1974<\/p>\n

Like B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em>, but in part violet brown; lower whorls only rib-striated; dorsal keel; \u00b1 with interlamellar folds.
\nW. Bulgaria (Mezdra).
\nRemark: B.<\/em> hiltrudae<\/em> has probably originated from an isolate of B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0B. <\/em>fraudigera<\/em> (Rossm\u00e4ssler 1839)<\/p>\n

Like B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em>, but dorsal keel; anterior upper palatal plica always present, connected with upper palatal plica.
\nBulgaria (valley of \u010cepelare river).
\nRemarks: Clausilia rugicollis <\/em>var. rhodopensis<\/em> A. J. Wagner in Wohlberedt 1911 is a synonym of B.<\/em> fraudigera<\/em>.
\nB. fraudigera<\/em> is similar to B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em>; both species have the same ribbing. It occurs allopatrically to that species. In Plovdiv, however, both are found in close neighbourhood (see under B<\/em>. varnensis<\/em>)..
\nIn genital characters the species is more similar to B.<\/em> osmanica<\/em> (free oviduct and pedunculus with bursa long, vagina proximally thicker) than to B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

B. urbanskii<\/em> H. Nordsieck 1973<\/p>\n

Like B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em>, but shell smaller, on average more coarsely ribbed (R1<\/sub> (n = 5) 5.9-7.8); terminal lobe of clausilium plate indistinct.
\nE. Bulgaria (Sliven, Tv\u00e2rdica).
\nu<\/em>. paganella<\/em> H. Nordsieck 1974, u<\/em>. urbanskii<\/em>.
\nRemarks: B.<\/em> urbanskii<\/em> is similar to B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em>, but differs from that species to the same extent as B.<\/em> fraudigera<\/em> and B.<\/em> fritillaria<\/em>. Its range is inserted in that of B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em> (Nordsieck 1974: 158); it is coarsely ribbed like the neighbouring B.<\/em> v<\/em>. gabrovnicana<\/em> and the \u0160ipka form of B.<\/em> v<\/em>. varnensis<\/em> (see under B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em>).
\nIn genital characters (vagina and parepiphallus shorter, invagination of penis indistinct) it is more similar to B.<\/em> fritillaria<\/em> than to B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

B. fritillaria<\/em> (Frivaldsky 1835)<\/p>\n

Like B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em>, but shell more ventricose with thick apical part; cervical elevation less prominent; anterior upper palatal plica short to absent; terminal lobe of clausilium plate \u00b1 weakened.
\nBulgaria (Sliven, Veliko T\u00e2rnovo, Varna), S. Bulgaria (Petri\u010d, Belovo, Ba\u010dkovo).
\nRemarks: Clausilia cana<\/em> var. curta<\/em> A. J. Wagner in Wohlberedt 1911 is a synonym of B. fritillaria<\/em>.
\nB. fritillaria<\/em> is not much different from B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em> and B.<\/em> fraudigera<\/em>, respectively, but distributed within a greater part of the range of these species, often in close neighbourhood without transitions. It has other ecological preferences than the other B.<\/em> species (moist habitats) (Urb\u00e1nski 1969: 241, 1978: 248).
\nIn genital characters it is similar to B.<\/em> urbanskii<\/em> (see under that species).<\/p>\n

B. hemmenorum<\/em> H. Nordsieck 2015<\/p>\n

Like B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em>, but shell more ventricose; anterior upper palatal plica absent (but upper palatal plica in part elongated in front); clausilium plate without terminal lobe.
\nGreek Macedonia near Kastoria.
\nRemarks: Until now, B.<\/em> hemmenorum<\/em> has thought to be a relative of B.<\/em> thessalonica<\/em> (Nordsieck 2015), but the examination of the genitalia revealed it as B.<\/em> (Bulgarica<\/em>) species (penis with invagination). The genital characters are similar to those of B.<\/em> varnensis<\/em>, but pedunculus with bursa and penis are longer. Its occurrence is far from the range of B.<\/em> varnensis <\/em>and the related species from Bulgaria.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>?B.<\/em> pindica<\/em> H. Nordsieck 1974<\/p>\n

In comparison with B.<\/em> hemmenorum<\/em> more slender, more coarsely ribbed; basalis and anterior upper palatal plica absent.
\nThessaly near Kalambaka.
\nRemark: B.<\/em> pindica<\/em>, formerly assumed to be a relative of S.<\/em> vetusta<\/em> (Nordsieck 1974), is possibly related to B.<\/em> hemmenorum<\/em> and thus a B.<\/em> (Bulgarica<\/em>) species. The genital characters, however, are unknown.<\/p>\n

B<\/em>. (Denticularia<\/em>) Lindholm 1924<\/p>\n

Remarks: The material of Bulimus denticulatus<\/em> Olivier in the F\u00e9russac collection (Mus\u00e9um National d’Histoire naturelle Paris) is mixed from two forms, one from Gemleck = Gemlik, N. W. Anatolia, and one from Scio = Chios Island. Tillier & Mordan (1983: 158) indicated Chios Island as type locality and figured questionable syntypes from the mixed material \u00a0(pl. 5, fig. 12, pl. 6, fig. 10), because they were unable to separate the specimens from the two localities. Both forms exhibit a basalis and were therefore classified by me (Nordsieck 2001: 21, 2007) with the species formerly named Bulgarica.<\/em> thessalonica<\/em>. The species formerly named B<\/em>. denticulata<\/em> got the name of the oldest synonym, \u00a0B.<\/em> erberi<\/em>. The current revision (Nordsieck 2019), however, has shown that in spite of the presence of the basalis the form from Chios belongs to a subspecies close to B.<\/em> erberi<\/em>, \u00a0in contrast to the form from Gemlik, which belongs to B.<\/em> thessalonica<\/em>. Because Olivier (1801: pl. 17, fig. 9) figured a specimen from Chios Island, that form \u00a0is the type form of Bulimus<\/em> denticulatus<\/em>, with the result that both species get back their former names, B<\/em>. denticulata<\/em> sensu Sch\u00fctt 2005 and Nordsieck 2007 = B.<\/em> thessalonica<\/em> and B<\/em>. erberi<\/em> sensu Sch\u00fctt 2005 and Nordsieck 2007 = B.<\/em> denticulata<\/em>.<\/p>\n

B. thessalonica<\/em> (Rossm\u00e4ssler 1839)<\/p>\n

Peristome mostly with folds; inferior lamella in part more arch-like than s-like ascending, with folds in front; basalis present (in B<\/em>. t<\/em>. mystica<\/em> reduced), mostly connected with lunella; anterior upper palatal plica mostly present, connected with or separated from upper palatal plica; clausilium plate without terminal lobe.
\nE. Greece, North Macedonia, S. Bulgaria, Turkish Thrace and N. W. Anatolia within the borderline S. Euboea, Parnassos and Giona Mountains, Efritania, Pindos Mountains, Veles, Blagoevgrad, Plovdiv, Burgas, Bosporus, Bursa, Islands of Thasos and Samothraki, introduced in Italy (Ravenna).
\nt<\/em>. boettgeri<\/em> H. Nordsieck 1993, t<\/em>. martinae<\/em> (H. Nordsieck 2019), t<\/em>. mystica<\/em> (Westerlund 1893), t<\/em>. thessalonica<\/em>.
\nRemarks: An examination of \u00a035 samples of B.<\/em> thessalonica <\/em>from the whole distributional range had the following result:
\nClausilia thessalonica<\/em> Rossm\u00e4ssler 1839 (with var. thasia <\/em>O. Boettger 1907) from North Macedonia, N. Greece and S. Bulgaria does not much differ in shell characters from C<\/em>. semidenticulata<\/em> L. Pfeiffer 1850 (= C<\/em>. spreta<\/em> Charpentier 1852 [made available by K\u00fcster 1861] = C<\/em>. thessalonica<\/em> var. bosporica<\/em> Mousson 1863) from Turkish Thrace and adjacent N. W. Anatolia. The latter includes the form from Gemlik, N. W. Anatolia, collected by Olivier (Nordsieck 2007: pl. 17, fig. 4). Therefore, both former subspecies (Nordsieck 1973, 2007) are united in the subspecies B.<\/em> t<\/em>. thessalonica<\/em>. C<\/em>. t.<\/em> var. euboica<\/em> O. Boettger 1880 (Fig. 1) is treated as a synonym of B.<\/em> t<\/em>. thessalonica.
\n<\/em>B. t<\/em>. var. crassilabris<\/em> O. Boettger 1880 [non Rossm\u00e4ssler] = B.<\/em> t<\/em>. boettgeri<\/em> (including t<\/em>. var. tenuilabris<\/em> Westerlund 1884 [non Rossm\u00e4ssler]), which is characterized by its much thickened peristome with long folds, occurs in Greece in the southernmost part of the species range (Thessaly, Phocis, Efritania).
\nB. t<\/em>. mystica<\/em> from Samothraki Island, formerly regarded as independent species (Nordsieck 1973), is included in B.<\/em> thessalonica <\/em>as subspecies. It differs by the absence of peristome folds and the lack of basalis.
\nB. t<\/em>. martinae<\/em> from Lesvos Island (Nordsieck 2019) differs from the nominotypical subspecies by the more slender shell, the coarser ribbing and the reduced outer peristome folds. It is transitional to B.<\/em> denticulata<\/em> (see also under that species).
\nThe end genitalia of B<\/em>. thessalonica<\/em> introduced in Ravenna, Italy, differ from those from North Macedonia and S. Bulgaria (one sample examined each) by a longer free oviduct and \u00a0a shorter vagina. This difference is confirmed by the figures of two forms from S. Bulgaria, given by Urba\u0144ski (1969: figs. 5-6). According to Schileyko (2000: fig. 945B) the end genitalia of B<\/em>. denticulata<\/em> from Sel\u00e7uk, coastal Anatolia, exhibit also a longer free oviduct and a shorter vagina. The question arises, if B<\/em>. thessalonica<\/em> from the Turkish part of its range (semidenticulata<\/em>) has these characters, too, because the form from Ravenna could have been introduced from there.<\/p>\n

B. denticulata<\/em> (Olivier 1801)<\/p>\n

Like B.<\/em> thessalonica<\/em>, but shell more slender; anterior upper palatal plica in general absent. In B.<\/em> d<\/em>. erberi <\/em>also basalis absent.
\nCoastal Anatolia from Izmir to Milas, Aegean Islands (N. Cyclades, Sporades from Chios to Nisiros).
\nd<\/em>. denticulata<\/em>, d<\/em>. erberi<\/em> (Frauenfeld 1867).
\nRemarks: Clausilia mordella <\/em>Westerlund 1901 is founded on an aberrant shell of B.<\/em> d<\/em>. denticulata<\/em> from Chios. C<\/em>. denticulata<\/em> var. spratti <\/em>O. Boettger 1883 [non L. Pfeiffer] = d<\/em>. sprattiana<\/em> K. L. Pfeiffer 1955 and d<\/em>. var. nicaria<\/em> O. Boettger 1889 are forms of B.<\/em> d<\/em>. erberi<\/em> from the Sporades.
\nB<\/em>. d<\/em>. denticulata<\/em> is distributed in W. coastal Anatolia and Chios Island; it is characterized by the presence of a basalis, which is a plesiomorphic character within the species. d<\/em>. erberi<\/em>, which lacks the basalis, occurs on the remaining Aegean Islands. In W. coastal Anatolia (Dilek) a transitional form with more or less reduced basalis has been found.
\nThe type form of B.<\/em> d<\/em>. erberi<\/em> from the Cyclades is on average more coarsely ribbed; some samples (e. g., from Tinos Island) exhibit a rudimentary basalis. In the forms from the Sporades a basalis rudiment could not be traced. For the variability of these forms see Pieper (1970).
\nAs can be seen, between B.<\/em> thessalonica<\/em> and B.<\/em> denticulata<\/em> no sharp dividing line can be drawn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0B. <\/em>iniucunda<\/em> (Brandt 1962)<\/p>\n

Dorsal keel; outer peristome with folds; inferior lamella more or less spirally ascending, with folds in front; basalis and anterior upper palatal plica present, connected with lunella or upper palatal plica, respectively; terminal lobe of clausilium plate distinct to indistinct.
\nE. Greek Macedonia and Thrace from Pangeo and Falakron Mountaina to Rhodopes of Komotini region.
\ni<\/em>. iniucunda<\/em>, i<\/em>. erossi<\/em> (H. Nordsieck 2019).
\nRemarks: In genital characters (vagina, male copulatory organs) B.<\/em> iniucunda<\/em> is most similar to B.<\/em> thessalonica<\/em>, but parepiphallus and penis are shorter. Therefore, it is classified with B.<\/em> (Denticularia<\/em>).
\nUntil now (Nordsieck 2007, 2019), the species was regarded as belonging to B.<\/em> (Bulgarica<\/em>), because its clausium plate has a more or less developed terminal lobe. This, however, may be a plesiomorphic character.
\nB. i<\/em>. erossi<\/em> is much different from the nominotypical subspecies; among others, it lacks the anteperistome folds (Nordsieck 2019). This subspecies has been found in Greek Thrace in the easternmost part of the species range.<\/p>\n

References<\/p>\n

Bielz, E. A. (1867): Fauna der Land- und S\u00fcsswasser-Mollusken Siebenb\u00fcrgens. 2. Aufl. \u2013 VIII + 216 pp. Hermannstadt.<\/p>\n

Ehrmann, P. (1933): Mollusca. \u2013 In: Brohmer, P., Ehrmann, P. & Ulmer, G., Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, 2<\/strong> (Lief. 1): 264 pp., 13 pls. Leipzig.<\/p>\n

Grossu, A. V. (1981): Gastropoda Romaniae. Ordo Stylommatophora, 3. Suprafamiliile Clausiliacea \u015fi Achatinacea. \u2013 269 pp. Bucure\u015fti (Universitatea din Bucure\u015fti, Facultatea de Biologie).<\/p>\n

Irikov, A. (2006): New taxa of Clausiliidae from Bulgaria (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Clausiliidae). \u2013 Archiv f\u00fcr Molluskenkunde, 135<\/strong> (1): 81-89.<\/p>\n

Lozek, V. (1964): Quart\u00e4rmollusken der Tschechoslowakei. \u2013\u00a0 Rozpravy \u00dast\u0159edniho \u00fastavu geologick\u00e9ho, 31<\/strong>: 374 pp., 32 pls. Praha.<\/p>\n

Nordsieck, H. (1973): Zur Anatomie und Systematik der Clausilien, XIII. Neue Balkan-Formen der Mentissoideinae und Baleinae (mit taxonomischer Revision der zugeh\u00f6rigen Gruppen). \u2013 Archiv f\u00fcr Molluskenkunde, 103<\/strong> (4\/6): 179-208, pls. 6-7, 7a.<\/p>\n

Nordsieck, H. (1974): Zur Anatomie und Systematik der Clausilien, XV. Neue Clausilien der Balkan-Halbinsel (mit taxonomischer Revision einiger Gruppen der Alopiinae und Baleinae). \u2013 Archiv f\u00fcr Molluskenkunde, 104<\/strong> (4\/6): 123-170, pls. 3-6, 6a.<\/p>\n

Nordsieck, H. (2001): Critical annotations to part 5 (Clausiliidae) of Schileyko’s Treatise on Recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs (2000) (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). \u2013 Mitteilungen der deutschen malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 66<\/strong>: 13-24.<\/p>\n

Nordsieck, H. (2007): Worldwide Door Snails (Clausiliidae), recent and fossil. \u2013 214 pp., 20 pls. Hackenheim (ConchBooks).<\/p>\n

Nordsieck, H. (2015): New species taxa of Clausiliidae (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora) from the Balkan peninsula and Turkey.\u2013 Conchylia, 45<\/strong> (4): 3-26, 4 pls.<\/p>\n

Nordsieck, H. (2019): New and unknown species taxa of western Palaearctic Clausiliidae (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora). \u2013 Conchylia, 50<\/strong> (1-4): 91-115, 7 pls.<\/p>\n

Olivier, G. A. (1801): Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman, l’\u00c9gypte et la Perse, fait par ordre du gouvernement pendant les six premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es de la R\u00e9publique. Tome premier. \u2013\u00a0 14+432+1 pp., atlas: 7 pp., 17 pls. Paris (Agasse).<\/p>\n

Pavlovi\u0107, P. S. (1912): Meku\u0161\u010di iz Srbije. I. Suvozemni pu\u017eevi. \u2013\u00a0 140 pp., 2 pls., 1 map. Beograd.<\/p>\n

Pieper, H. (1970): Zur Kenntnis der Laciniaria denticulata<\/em> (Olivier 1801) in der SO-\u00c4g\u00e4is. \u2013 Archiv f\u00fcr Molluskenkunde, 100<\/strong> (5\/6): 275-278.<\/p>\n

Pfeiffer, L. (1856): Bericht \u00fcber weitere Mittheilungen des Herrn Zelebor. \u2013 Malakologische Bl\u00e4tter, 3<\/strong>: 175-186.<\/p>\n

Schileyko, A. A. (2000): Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 5 Clausiliidae. \u2013 Ruthenica, Supplement, 2<\/strong>: 565-729.<\/p>\n

Schmidt, A. (1868): System der europ\u00e4ischen Clausilien und ihrer n\u00e4chsten Verwandten. \u2013 175 pp., 1 tab. Kassel (Fischer).<\/p>\n

Sch\u00fctt, H. (2005): Turkish land snails 1758-2005. Fourth edition \u2013 560 pp. Solingen (Natur & Wissenschaft).<\/p>\n

Tillier, S. & Mordan, P. (1983): The conchological collections of Brugui\u00e8re and Olivier from the Ottoman Empire (1792-1798). \u2013 Journal of Conchology, 31<\/strong> (3): 153-160, pls. 5-7.<\/p>\n

Urba\u0144ski, J. (1969): Bemerkenswerte balkanische Stylommatophoren. (Systematische, zoogeographische und \u00f6kologische Studien \u00fcber die Mollusken der Balkan-Halbinsel. IX.). \u2013 Bulletin de la Societ\u00e9 des Amis des Sciences et des Lettres de Pozna\u0144, (D) 9<\/strong>: 225-261, 8 pls.<\/p>\n

Urba\u0144ski, J. (1978): Bemerkenswerte Clausiliiden (Moll., Pulm.) der n\u00f6rdlichen Balkan-Halbinsel. (Systematische, zoogeographische und \u00f6kologische Studien \u00fcber die Mollusken der Balkan-Halbinsel. XV.). \u2013 Bulletin de la Societ\u00e9 des Amis des Sciences et des Lettres de Pozna\u0144, (D) 17<\/strong>: 235-251, 3 pls.<\/p>\n

Welter-Schultes, F. (2012): European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification: A3 + 675 pp., with 78 pp. quick identification. \u2013G\u00f6ttingen (Planet Poster Editions).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Strigillaria group \u2013 genus and species taxa Hartmut Nordsieck (IV.2022) I. Introduction The Strigillaria group, formerly named Bulgarica, is one of the most diverse groups of the Baleini, Clausiliinae. In a former revision (Nordsieck 1973) the genus Bulgarica was subdivided into four subgenera, B. (Strigilecula), B. (Pavlovicia), B. (Bulgarica) and B. (Denticularia). B. (Pavlovicia), however, has revealed to be more closely related to Vestia. Based on genital morphology and DNA analysis Strigillaria and Bulgarica (with Denticularia) are now regarded as…<\/p>\n

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